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Exploratory factor analysis identified four factors: worry about separation, distress from separation, opposition to separation, and calm at separation, which explained 4. In Study 2, 6,0. 16 children aged 8–1. The factor model in Study 1 was validated by confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency (. The convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated by means of correlations with other measures of separation anxiety, childhood anxiety, depression and anger. Sensitivity of the scale was 8. The results support the reliability and validity of the CSAS. Citation: M. PLo. S ONE 9(7). e. 10. Franken, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands. This study describes the psychometric properties of the Children's Separation Anxiety Scale. Subjective Well-Being, Test Anxiety. 1991, 1995), a revised multidimensional version of Spielberger’s Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI.
Received: November 7, 2. Accepted: June 3. Published: July 2. Copyright: . This is an open- access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This research was supported by the Spanish National Plan for Research, Development and Technological Innovation Grant (EDU2. Xavier M. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Test Anxiety: Theory. Spielberger was founding Editor (1973–76). His CV (PDF) The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI). Rorschach test; Classical conditioning; Oral sex. Spielberger, like Raymond Cattell. Examination stress and test anxiety. The Test Anxiety Inventory for Children and Adolescents. Spielberger (Ed.) Anxiety and behaviour. The students’ Spielberger Test Anxiety Inventory-Trait. Test Anxiety: Theory, Research and. Test anxiety, perceived test. Test anxiety in UK schoolchildren: Prevalence and demographic patterns. Introduction. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in children is characterized by excessive and inappropriate anxiety for the child's stage of development, and which he or she experiences on being separated from attachment figures – generally the parents – or spending time outside his or her home . This disproportionate anxiety manifests itself in distress, worry and resistance to or rejection of the separation. Prevalence of SAD is 3. SAD and some types of specific phobia, such as those related to animals, are the anxiety disorders with earliest age of onset, the majority of cases emerging prior to age 1. The presence of SAD in childhood predicts this same disorder in adolescence (age 1. SAD is a strong risk factor (7. SAD are relevant for preventing the appearance of disorders such as panic and depression . Optimization of assessment efficiency involves the avoidance of extreme positions. On the one hand, excessively thorough assessment leads to fatigue and to the risk of loss of precision and early abandonment of the therapeutic relation. On the other, very brief assessment is of little use for planning treatment, and involves risks such as the omission of relevant data and premature therapeutic decisions. In the framework of multi- method assessment, self- report rating scales are widely used, together with structured interviews, as they are easy to apply, fill out and evaluate. They are especially useful from the age of 7 onwards, when the child has acquired sufficient reading ability and self- assessment skills. There are general self- reports for assessing the different childhood anxiety disorders, including SAD, such as the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) . The comprehensive application of these instruments, which include more than 4. SAD, detected via interview; at the same time, application of just the SAD scales, with their less than 1. Therefore, the construction and validation of self- reports for the specific assessment of SAD is relevant. There are three self- reports of this type: the Separation Anxiety Assessment Scale (SAAS) . The SAAS has the disadvantage that its psychometric properties have not yet been published, whilst the SAAI focuses exclusively on avoidant behaviors, neglecting subjective aspects, such as distress and worry, both characteristic of SAD. Furthermore, these two self- reports assess separation anxiety in both childhood and adolescence at the same time (6–1. This is a problematic aspect, as it is inappropriate, for example, to present a four- year- old with item 2 of the SAAI, “Because I am anxious, I avoid being at home alone in the evening”, or a 1. SAAS, “How often are you afraid to be left at home with a babysitter?”The SASC was developed for children aged 8 to 1. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the model of three correlated factors showed the best fit to the data, corroborating the factors Worry about separation and Distress from separation; however, contrary to what was expected, the third factor was not opposition, but rather Calm at separation. The child's calm at separation from parents can be interpreted a) cognitively, as the absence of worry – for example, I don't think my parents will have an accident or get sick; b) psychophysiologically, as the absence of distress – for example, I don't have stomach- ache or feel like crying; c) behaviorally, as the absence of opposition – for example, I don't do things to check whether my parents are OK or to try and be with them; d) positively, as the presence of calmness – for example, I feel calm/OK when my parents go away on a trip. The factor Calm at separation is problematic not only from the theoretical point of view, but also methodologically, as the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) was low (0. Moreover, the SASC has other methodological limitations: explained variance was just 3. At a theoretical level it is interesting to explore whether opposition is a dimension of separation anxiety and whether calm is a positive factor that cannot be reduced to the mere absence of worry, distress and/or opposition. It is also important to have access to a psychometrically satisfactory instrument that addresses the deficiencies of the SASC – specifically, one that improves the construct validity by increasing the percentage of explained variance, that increases the convergent and discriminant validity on including measures of SAD, child anxiety, depression and anger, and that analyzes the structural validity by means of the sensitivity and specificity. Given the lack of a specific self- report rating scale for childhood SAD with adequate psychometric properties, which assesses the varied symptomatology of this disorder rather than focusing on just a single aspect of it, such as avoidant behavior, the general objectives of this study, taking as a starting point the SASC, were to develop (Study 1) and validate (Study 2) a self- report instrument, the Children's Separation Anxiety Scale (CSAS). In Study 1 we carry out an exploratory factor analysis with a bank of 4. In Study 2 we calculate the validity, reliability, sensitivity and specificity of the CSAS. Study 1: Exploratory Factor Analysis. Methods. Ethics Statement. The authors state that their research, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Murcia (Spain), has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1. Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The education authorities were informed of the study goals, and authorization was requested. Once such authorization had been obtained, the researchers interviewed the head teachers and the school counselors, informing them verbally and in writing about the aim of the study, so as to obtain their permission and encourage their cooperation. Finally, parents were informed by letter and requested to provide written consent for their children to participate in the study. The written parental consent was provided for all minors participating. Participants. Random cluster sampling was carried out in two provinces in central and southern Spain, respectively. Primary units were provincial districts, secondary units were schools, and tertiary units were classrooms. We recruited 2,0. A total of 9. 7 (4. Spanish was too low. The sample was made up of 1,9. |